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Footnotes

  1. Rand Teed, Which Way to Turn, Understanding Adolescent Substance Abuse, Rand Teed    Consulting, July 13, 2021, Kindle Edition, Location 52
  2. Canadian Institute for Health Information. (2019a). Hospital Stays for Harm Caused by Substance Use Among Youth Age 10 to 24, September 2019. CIHI.erb, p. 10
  3. Lubman, D. I., Cheetham, A., & Yücel, M. (2015). Cannabis and adolescent brain development. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 148, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.009 Lubman et al., 2015, p. 6
  4. National Institute on Drug Abuse. How Does Marijuana use affect School, Work, and Social
    life? https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/how-does-marijuana-use-affect-school-work-social-life (accessed November 30, 2022)
  5. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. (2007). Substance abuse in Canada youth in focus. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-04/ccsa-011521-2007-e.pdf, p. 
  6. Gabriella Gobbi, MD, PhD1; Tobias Atkin, BA1; Tomasz Zytynski, MD1; Association of Cannabis Use in Adolescence and Risk of Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidality in Young Adulthood,  JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76(4):426-434. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4500(https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2723657) accessed November 30, 2022
  7. Government of Canada, Is Cannabis Addictive? https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/drugs-health-products/cannabis-addictive.html (accessed November 30, 2022)
  8. Government of Canada, Is Cannabis Addictive? https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/drugs-health-products/cannabis-addictive.html (accessed November 30, 2022)
  9. National Institute on Drug Abuse, https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/marijuana-gateway-drug (accessed November 30, 2022)
  10. Joseph A. Califano Jr., How to Raise A Drug Free Kid – The Straight Dope for Parents, Atria Books; Revised Edition (September 9, 2014) p. 25 
  11. Joseph A. Califano Jr., How to Raise A Drug Free Kid – The Straight Dope for Parents, Atria Books; Revised Edition (September 9, 2014) p. 53
  12. Rand Teed, Which Way to Turn, Understanding Adolescent Substance Abuse, Rand Teed Consulting, July 13, 2021, Kindle Edition, Location 643
  13. Rand Teed, Which Way to Turn, Understanding Adolescent Substance Abuse, Rand Teed Consulting, July 13, 2021, p. 77
  14. National Institute on Drug Abuse, https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/how-does-marijuana-use-affect-school-work-social-life (accessed November 30, 2022)
  15. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. (2007). Substance abuse in Canada youth in focus. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-04/ccsa-011521-2007-e.pdf, p. 
  16. Gabriella Gobbi, MD, PhD1; Tobias Atkin, BA1; Tomasz Zytynski, MD1; Association of Cannabis Use in Adolescence and Risk of Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidality in Young Adulthood,  JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76(4):426-434. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4500(https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2723657) accessed November 30, 2022
  17. Canadian Institute for Health Information. (2019a). Hospital Stays for Harm Caused by Substance Use Among Youth Age 10 to 24, September 2019. CIHI.erb, p. 10
  18. Joseph A. Califano Jr., How to Raise A Drug Free Kid – The Straight Dope for Parents, Atria Books; Revised Edition (September 9, 2014) pp. 15-16
  19. Rand Teed, Which Way to Turn, Understanding Adolescent Substance Abuse, Rand Teed Consulting, July 13, 2021, p.55
  20. Partnership to end Addiction – https://drugfree.org/article/prevention-tips-for-every-age/ (accessed November 30, 2022)
  21. Partnership to End Addiction – https://drugfree.org/article/prevention-tips-for-every-age/
  22. Joseph A. Califano Jr., How to Raise A Drug Free Kid – The Straight Dope for Parents, Atria Books; Revised Edition (September 9, 2014) p. 9
  23. Rand Teed, Which Way to Turn, Understanding Adolescent Substance Abuse, Rand Teed Consulting, July 13, 2021, p. 48
  24. Rand Teed, Which Way to Turn, Understanding Adolescent Substance Abuse, Rand Teed Consulting, July 13, 2021, p.45
  25. Joseph A. Califano Jr., How to Raise A Drug Free Kid – The Straight Dope for Parents, Atria Books; Revised Edition (September 9, 2014) p. 64,75
  26. Rand Teed, Which Way to Turn, Understanding Adolescent Substance Abuse, Rand Teed Consulting, July 13, 2021, p. 78
  27. Rand Teed, Which Way to Turn, Understanding Adolescent Substance Abuse, Rand Teed Consulting, July 13, 2021, p. 78
  28. Rand Teed, Which Way to Turn, Understanding Adolescent Substance Abuse, Rand Teed Consulting, July 13, 2021, p. 77
  29. Canadian Institute for Health Information. (2019a). Hospital Stays for Harm Caused by Substance Use Among Youth Age 10 to 24, September 2019. CIHI.erb, p. 10
  30. Joseph A. Califano Jr., How to Raise A Drug Free Kid – The Straight Dope for Parents, Atria Books; Revised Edition (September 9, 2014) p. 25
  31. James Lehman, MSW, Does Your Child Have Toxic Friends? Empowering Parents.com- https://www.empoweringparents.com/article/does-your-child-have-toxic-friends-6-ways-to-deal-with-the-wrong-crowd/ (Accessed November 30, 2022)
  32. Joseph A. Califano Jr., How to Raise A Drug Free Kid – The Straight Dope for Parents, Atria Books; Revised Edition (September 9, 2014) 
  33. Larissa Hirsch, M.D. Talking to Your Child About Drugs, Nemours Kids Health, https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/talk-about-drugs.html (accessed November 30, 2022) 
  34. Sandstone Care – https://www.sandstonecare.com/resources/substance-abuse/marijuana/marijuana-addiction (accessed November 30, 2022) 
  35. Rand Teed, Which Way to Turn, Understanding Adolescent Substance Abuse, Rand Teed Consulting, July 13, 2021, p. 4
  36. (2019a). Hospital Stays for Harm Caused by Substance Use Among Youth Age 10 to 24, September 2019. CIHI, p. 8)
  37. Government of Canada. (2012a). Canadian Alcohol and Drug Use Monitoring Survey: Summary of Results for 2012. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/health-concerns/drug-prevention-treatment/drug-alcohol-use-statistics/canadian-alcohol-drug-use-monitoring-survey-summary-results-2012.html#s7c
  38. MADD. (n.d.). Youth and Impaired Driving. Retrieved June 17, 2022, from https://madd.ca/pages/programs/youth-services/statistics-links/
  39. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/health-promotion-chronic-disease-prevention-canada-research-policy-practice/vol-37-no-11-2017/binge-drinking-acadamic-performance-engagement-aspirations-expectations-longitudinal-analysis-secondary-school-students-compass-study.html
  40. Brady, K. T., & Sinha, R. (2005). Co-Occurring Mental and Substance Use Disorders: The Neurobiological Effects of Chronic Stress. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(8), 1483–1493. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1483
  41. Joseph A. Califano Jr., How to Raise A Drug Free Kid – The Straight Dope for Parents, Atria Books; Revised Edition (September 9, 2014) p. 53
  42. Rand Teed, Which Way to Turn, Understanding Adolescent Substance Abuse, Rand Teed Consulting, July 13, 2021, p. 55
  43. Public Health Agency of Canada. (2018). Preventing Problematic Substance Use In Youth. Chief Public Health Officer.; /z-wcorg/. https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/phac-aspc/documents/corporate/publications/chief-public-health-officer-reports-state-public-health-canada/2018-preventing-problematic-substance-use-youth/2018-preventing-problematic-substance-use-youth.pdf, p. 23,27
  44. Partnership to End Addiction –  https://drugfree.org/article/prevention-tips-for-every-age/
  45. Partnership to End Addiction –  https://drugfree.org/article/prevention-tips-for-every-age/
  46. Joseph A. Califano Jr., How to Raise A Drug Free Kid – The Straight Dope for Parents, Atria Books; Revised Edition (September 9, 2014) p. 9
  47. Rand Teed, Which Way to Turn, Understanding Adolescent Substance Abuse, Rand Teed Consulting, July 13, 2021, p. 77)
  48. Rand Teed, Which Way to Turn, Understanding Adolescent Substance Abuse, Rand Teed Consulting, July 13, 2021, Kindle Edition, Location 421, 422
  49.  Rand Teed, Which Way to Turn, Understanding Adolescent Substance Abuse, Rand Teed Consulting, July 13, 2021, Kindle Edition Location 119
  50. Hawkins, J., Catalano, R., & Miller, J. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychol Bull, 112(1), 64–105. PubMed. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.64, p.70 
  51. Rand Teed, Which Way to Turn, Understanding Adolescent Substance Abuse, Rand Teed Consulting, July 13, 2021, p.48
  52. Rand Teed, Which Way to Turn, Understanding Adolescent Substance Abuse, Rand Teed Consulting, July 13, 2021, p.45
  53. Joseph A. Califano Jr., How to Raise A Drug Free Kid – The Straight Dope for Parents, Atria Books; Revised Edition (September 9, 2014) p. 25
  54. James Lehman, MSW, Does Your Child Have Toxic Friends? Empowering Parents.com- https://www.empoweringparents.com/article/does-your-child-have-toxic-friends-6-ways-to-deal-with-the-wrong-crowd/ (Accessed November 30, 2022)_
  55. Joseph A. Califano Jr., How to Raise A Drug Free Kid – The Straight Dope for Parents, Atria Books; Revised Edition (September 9, 2014) 
  56. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism – Make a Difference: Talk to your Child About Alcohol – Parents https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/make-a-difference-child-alcohol#:~:text=Warning%20Signs%20Of%20A%20Drinking%20Problem&text=Mood%20changes%3A%20flare%2Dups%20of,to%20know%20the%20new%20friends (Accessed November 30, 2022)
  57. Joseph A. Califano Jr., How to Raise A Drug Free Kid – The Straight Dope for Parents, Atria Books; Revised Edition (September 9, 2014) p. 60
  58. Joseph A. Califano Jr., How to Raise A Drug Free Kid – The Straight Dope for Parents, Atria Books; Revised Edition (September 9, 2014)p. 64, 75)
  59. Bettina Friese, Ph.D., Joel W. Grube, Ph.D., Roland S. Moore, Ph.D., and Vanessa K. Jennings, B.A., Parents’ Rules about underage drinking: A qualitative study of why parents let teens drink, National Library of Medicine, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4095821/ (accessed November 30, 2022) 
  60. Joseph A. Califano Jr., How to Raise A Drug Free Kid – The Straight Dope for Parents, Atria Books; Revised Edition (September 9, 2014) p. 15-16
  61. Larissa Hirsch, M.D. Talking to Your Child About Drugs, Nemours Kids Health, https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/talk-about-drugs.html (accessed November 30, 2022) 
  62. Mahmoud A. ElSohly, Ph.D.,1,3 Zlatko Mehmedic, M.Sc.Pharm.,1 Susan Foster, B.A.,1 Chandrani Gon, M.Sc.Botany,1 Suman Chandra, Ph.D.,1 and James C. Church, Ph.D.2 Changes in Cannabis Potency over the Last Two Decades (1995-2014) – Analysis of Current Data in the United States, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4987131/ (accessed November 30, 2022)
  63. Canadian Institute for Health Information. (2019a). Hospital Stays for Harm Caused by Substance Use Among Youth Age 10 to 24, September 2019. CIHI.erb, p. 10
  64. Lubman, D. I., Cheetham, A., & Yücel, M. (2015). Cannabis and adolescent brain development. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 148, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.009 Lubman et al., 2015, p. 6
  65. National Institute on Drug Abuse, https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/how-does-marijuana-use-affect-school-work-social-life (accessed November 30, 2022)
  66. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. (2007). Substance abuse in Canada youth in focus. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-04/ccsa-011521-2007-e.pdf , p. 9. 
  67. Gabriella Gobbi, MD, PhD1; Tobias Atkin, BA1; Tomasz Zytynski, MD1; Association of Cannabis Use in Adolescence and Risk of Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidality in Young Adulthood,  JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76(4):426-434. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4500(https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2723657) accessed November 30, 2022
  68. MADD https://madd.ca/pages/impaired-driving/overview/cannabis-and-driving/ (accessed November 30, 2022)
  69. Health Canada https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/drugs-health-products/cannabis-addictive.html (accessed November 30, 2022)
  70. Health Canada- https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/drugs-health-products/cannabis-addictive.html (accessed November 30, 2022)
  71. Newport Academy – The Dangers of Edibles and Teen Marijuana Use https://www.newportacademy.com/resources/substance-abuse/dangers-of-edibles/ (Accessed November 30, 2022)
  72. Brooklyn Neustaeter, CTV News,   Edible use in adults linked to increased ICU admissions among children, Toronto researchers say – https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/edible-use-in-adults-linked-to-increased-icu-admissions-among-children-toronto-researchers-say-1.5485929(accessed November 30, 2022
  73. MADD – Youth and Impaired Driving – https://madd.ca/pages/impaired-driving/overview/youth-and-impaired-driving/#:~:text=Motor%20vehicle%20crashes%20are%20the,the%20impairment%2Drelated%20traffic%20deaths (accessed November 30, 2022)
  74. Ponti, M. (2023). Screen Time and preschool children: Promoting health and development in a digital world. Paediatrics & Child Health, 28(3), 184–192. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxac125
  75. Fraser Health. Screen time for Children. https://www.fraserhealth.ca/health-topics-a-to-z/children-and-youth/physical-activity-for-children/screen-time-for-children
  76. American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. (February 2020). Screen Time and Children. https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Children-And-Watching-TV-054.aspx
  77. Domingues-Montanari, S. (2017). Clinical and psychological effects of excessive screen time on children. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 53(4), 333–338. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.13462
  78. Madigan, S., Browne, D., Racine, N., Mori, C., & Tough, S.. (2019). Association between screen time and children’s performance on a developmental screening test. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(3), 244. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.5056
  79. Janssen, X., Martin, A., Hughes, A. R., Hill, C. M., Kotronoulas, G., & Hesketh, K. R. (2020). Associations of screen time, sedentary time and physical activity with sleep in under 5s: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 49, 101226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101226
  80. McQueen, J. (May 28, 2022). Childhood ADHD and Screen Time. https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/childhood-adhd/childhood-adhd-screen-time
  81. Ponti, M., Bélanger, S., Grimes, R., Heard, J., Johnson, M., Moreau, E., Norris, M., Shaw, A., Stanwick, R., Van Lankveld, J., & Williams, R. (2017). Screen Time and young children: Promoting health and development in a Digital World. Paediatrics & Child Health, 22(8), 461–468. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxx123
  82. Hu, B. Y., Johnson, G. K., Teo, T., & Wu, Z.. (2020). Relationship between screen time and Chinese children’s cognitive and social development. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 34(2), 183–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2019.1702600
  83. Maras, D., Flament, M. F., Murray, M., Buchholz, A., Henderson, K. A., Obeid, N., & Goldfield,G. S. (2015). Screen time is associated with depression and anxiety in Canadian youth. Preventive Medicine, 73, 133–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.01.029
  84. McAllister, C., Hisler, G. C., Blake, A. B., Twenge, J. M., Farley, E., & Hamilton, J. L. (2021). Associations between adolescent depression and self-harm behaviors and screen media use in a nationally representative time-diary study. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 49(12), 1623–1634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-021-00832-x
  85. Lissak, G. (2018). Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: Literature review and case study. Environmental Research, 164, 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.015
  86. Kokka, I., Mourikis, I., Nicolaides, N. C., Darviri, C., Chrousos, G. P., Kanaka-Gantenbein, C., & Bacopoulou, F.. (2021). Exploring the effects of problematic internet use on adolescent sleep: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 760. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020760
  87. Pardhan, S., Parkin, J., Trott, M., & Driscoll, R. (2022). Risks of digital screen time and recommendations for mitigating adverse outcomes in children and adolescents. Journal of School Health, 92(8), 765–773. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.13170
  88. Boys & Girls Clubs of America. (October 19, 2023). What Age should Kids have Social Media? https://www.bgca.org/news-stories/2023/October/what-age-should-kids-have-social media/#:~:text=Social%20Media%20and%20Kids%3A%20Making,or%20older%20to%20sign%20up.
  89. Huddleston, T. 2023, May 26). Is there a ‘right’ age for kids to be on social media? https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/26/the-right-age-for-kids-to-be-on-social-media-experts-say.html
  90. U.S. Surgeon General’s Advisory. (2023). Social Media and Youth and Mental Health. https://www.hhs.gov/surgeongeneral/priorities/youth-mental-health/social-media/index.html
  91. American Psychological Association (2023, February 14) APA Chief Scientist outlines potential harms, benefits of social media for kids. https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2023/02/harms-benefits-social-media-kids
  92. U.S. Surgeon General’s Advisory. (2023). Social Media and Youth and Mental Health. https://www.hhs.gov/surgeongeneral/priorities/youth-mental-health/social-media/index.html
  93. Vogels, E., & Gelles-Watnick, R. (2023). Teens and social media: Key findings from Pew Research Center surveys. Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech. United States of America. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/04/24/teens-and-social-media-key-findings-from-pew-research-center-surveys/
  94. Bickham, D.S., Hunt, E., Bediou, B., & Rich, M. (2022). Adolescent Media Use: Attitudes, Effects, and Online Experiences. Boston, MA: Boston Children’s Hospital Digital Wellness Lab. Retrieved from https://digitalwellnesslab.org/wp-content/uploads/Pulse-Survey_Adolescent-Attitudes-Effects-and-Experiences.pdf
  95. Girls Who Fight. (2022, November 30). Vitual Awareness: How Predators Use Social Media and How to Protect your Kids. https://www.girlswhofight.co/post/how-predators-use-social-media-to-target-kids
  96. Madigan, S. Villani V. Azzopardi, C. Temple, J. Browne, D. & Dimitropoulos, G. (2018, June 16). The Prevalence of Unwanted Sexual Exposure and Solicitation Among Youth: A Meta-Analysis.  Journal of Adolescent Health, 63 (2), 133-141. https://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(18)30134-4/abstract
  97. Nesi, J., Mann, S. and Robb, M. B. (2023). Teens and mental health: How girls really feel about social media. San Francisco, CA: Common Sense Media. Retrieved from https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/research/report/how-girls-really-feel-about-social-media-researchreport_final_1.pdf
  98. Canadian Pediatric Society, Digital Task Force. (2019, September 5). Digital Media: Promoting Healthy Screen Use in School-aged Children and Adolescents. Paediatrics & Child Health, Volume 24, Issue 6, September 2019, Pages 402-408. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxz095
  99. Nesi, J., Mann, S. and Robb, M. B. (2023). Teens and mental health: How girls really feel about social media. San Francisco, CA: Common Sense. Retrieved from https://www. commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/research/report/ how-girls-really-feel-about-social-media-researchreport_ final_1.pdf
  100. Miech, R. A., Johnston, L. D., Bachman, J. G., O’Malley, P. M., Schulenberg, J. E., and Patrick, M. E. (2022). Monitoring the Future: A Continuing Study of American Youth (8th-and 10th- Grade Surveys), 2021. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. https://doi.org/10.3886/ ICPSR38502.v1
  101. Adisa, D. (2023, October 30). Everything you need to know about social media algorithms. Sprout Social. https://sproutsocial.com/insights/social-media-algorithms/
  102. & Gryphon. How Social Media Uses Addictive Algorithms to Keep Kids Online. https://gryphonconnect.com/blogs/gryphon/how-social-media-uses-addictive-algorithms-to-keep-kids-online
  103. Alutaybi, A. Al-Thani, D. McAlney, J. & Ali. R. (2020). Combating Fear of Missing out (FoMo) on social Media: the FoMo -R Method. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(17), 6128; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176128
  104. Miller, C. When Should you Get your Kid a Phone? Child Mind Institute. https://childmind.org/article/when-should-you-get-your-kid-a-phone/
  105. Why Wait? Wait Until 8th. https://www.waituntil8th.org/why-wait
  106. Gagne, C. (2023, January 10). 4 parent-tested systems you can use to limit screen time. Today’s Parent. https://www.todaysparent.com/family/parenting/parent-tested-systems-you-can-use-to-limit-screen-time/
  107. American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. (February 2020). Screen Time and Children. https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Children-And-Watching-TV-054.aspx
  108. When Should you Get your Kid a Phone? Child Mind Institute. https://childmind.org/article/when-should-you-get-your-kid-a-phone/